Bolts and Nuts
Stud Bolt
Stud has a thread on full lengths or at both ends. As shown in images. It is having three components if washers are not used (two nuts and stud). If you used washer it would become five. Sometimes additional nuts are used for hydraulic tension with larger size stud.
Stud Bolt Specification & Standard
Various ASME standards are used for stud bolts and nuts to manufacturing bolting material. List of such standard is given below.
Diameter and Lengths of the stud and bolt are covered in ASME B16.5 & B16.47
ASME B1.1 Unified Inch Screw Threads (Cores and Fine thread series- normally Cores thread series is used for stud used in piping)
ASME B18.2.1 for Square and Hex Bolts and Screws
ASME B18.2.2 Square and Hex Nuts
ASME B18.21.1 Lock Washers
ASME B18.22.1 Plain Washers
Machine Bolt
Bolts have a thread at one end and hexagonal head on another end. See the image below. In the process, piping bolts are used with lower strength flange types such as GRE/GRP, bronze. Usually, washers are used with bolt to prevent excessive load to the flange.
US Bolts | |||||
Head Marking | Grade and | Nominal Size Range | Mechanical Properties | ||
Proof Load | Min. Yield Strength | Min. Tensile Strength | |||
No Markings | Grade 2 Low or medium carbon steel | 1/4″ thru 3/4″ | 55,000 | 57,000 | 74,000 |
Over 3/4″ thru 1-1/2″ | 33,000 | 36,000 | 60,000 | ||
3 Radial Lines | Grade 5 Medium carbon steel, quenched and tempered | 1/4″ thru 1″ | 85,000 | 92,000 | 120,000 |
Over 1″ thru 1-1/2″ | 74,000 | 81,000 | 105,000 | ||
6 Radial Lines | Grade 8 Medium carbon alloy steel, quenched and tempered | 1/4″ thru 1-1/2″ | 120,000 | 130,000 | 150,000 |
Grade A325 Carbon or Alloy Steel with or without Boron | 1/2″ thru 1-1/2″ | 85,000 | 92,000 | 120,000 | |
Stainless markings vary. Most stainless is non-magnetic | 18-8 Stainless Steel alloy with 17-19% Chromium and 8-13% Nickel | All Sizes thru 1″ | 20,000 Min. 65,000 Typical | 65,000 Min. 100,000 – 150,000 Typical | |
Metric Bolts | |||||
Head Marking | Class and | Nominal Size Range | Mechanical Properties | ||
Proof Load | Min. Yield Strength | Min. Tensile Strength | |||
Class 8.8 Medium carbon steel, quenched and tempered | All Sizes below 16mm | 580 | 640 | 800 | |
16mm – 72mm | 600 | 660 | 830 | ||
Class 10.9 Alloy steel, quenched and tempered | 5mm – 100mm | 830 | 940 | 1040 | |
Class 12.9 Alloy steel, quenched and tempered | 1.6mm – 100mm | 970 | 1100 | 1220 | |
Stainless markings vary. Most stainless is non-magnetic. | A-2 Stainless Steel alloy with 17- 19% chromium and 8-13% nickel | All Sizes thru 20mm | 210 Min. | 500 Min. | |
Tensile Strength: The maximum load in tension (pulling apart) which a material can withstand before breaking or fracturing. Yield Strength: The maximum load at which a material exhibits a specific permanent deformation Proof Load: An axial tensile load which the product must withstand without evidence of any permanent set. 1MPa = 1N/mm2 = 145 pounds/inch2 | |||||
Commonly Hexagonal Heavy-series nuts used with studs. The non-bearing face of a nut is chamfered, while load Bearing face is finished with a washer face or may be chamfered.
Nuts may be machined from the same material as stud or may be of a compatible grade of ASTM A194
ASTM A194 standard lists the compatible material grades for nuts that used with stud & bolt.
Most widely used material grades are ASTM A194 Gr 2,2H,2HM,8,8M
| Material | 1.Stainless Steel: SUS201, SUS304, SUS316, SUS410 2.Carbon Steel:C1006,C1008,C1010,C1018,C1022,C10B21,C10B33,C1035,C1045, C435#,40CrMo,42CrMo 3.Brass:C36000 ( C26800), C37700 ( HPb59), C38500( HPb58), C27200CuZn37), C28000(CuZn40) 4.Bronze: C51000, C52100, C54400, etc 5.Aluminum: Al6061, Al6063 etc Aluminum Alloy: Al6061, Al6063 etc 6.Titanium and Titanium Alloy: TAD,TA1-TA8,TB2,TC1-TC10 7.Alloy steel: SCM435,C10B21,C10B33 8.Iron:1213,12L14,1215,etc | |
| Standard | DIN GB ISO JIS BA ANSI&SUS201, SUS304, SUS316, A2-70, A2-80, A4-80, 4.8 6.8 8.8 ,10.9,12.9 | |
| Size | M3-M100; 1/4-4″ | |
Standard | Size | Width Across Flats | Length |
DIN6334 | M4 | 7mm | 12mm |
M5 | 8mm | 15mm, 20mm | |
M6 | 8mm, 9mm, 10mm | 10mm, 15mm, 18mm, 20mm, 25mm, 30mm, 40mm | |
M7 | 9mm, 11mm | 15mm, 21mm, 25mm | |
M8 | 11mm, 12mm, 13mm, 14mm | 20mm, 24mm, 25mm, 28mm, 29mm, 30mm, 32mm, 40mm, 50mm | |
M9 | 11mm | 19mm | |
M10 | 13mm, 14mm, 17mm, 19mm | 20mm, 21mm, 25mm, 30mm, 35mm, 40mm, 45mm, 50mm | |
M11 | 14mm | 24.5mm | |
M12 | 17mm, 19mm, 22mm | 20mm, 25mm, 30mm, 35mm, 36mm, 40mm, 45mm, 48mm, 50mm, 70mm | |
M13 | 17mm | 29mm | |
M14 | 19mm, 21mm, 22mm | 24mm, 25mm, 30mm, 38mm, 40mm, 42mm, 56mm | |
M15 | 19mm | 32mm | |
M16 | 22mm, 24mm | 30mm, 40mm, 48mm, 50mm, 60mm, 70mm | |
M18 | 27mm | 54mm | |
M20 | 30mm | 38mm, 50mm, 60mm, 80mm | |
M22 | 32mm | 66mm | |
M24 | 36mm | 50mm, 72mm, 80mm, 96mm | |
M27 | 41mm | 81mm | |
M30 | 46mm | 60mm, 90mm, 120mm | |
ANSI B18.2.2 | 1/4″ | 3/8″, 7/16″ | 13/32″, 3/4″, 7/8″, 1″ |
5/16″ | 3/8″, 7/16″, 15/32″, 1/2″ | 13/32″, 7/8″, 1″, 1-3/16″, 1-9/16″, 1-3/4″ | |
3/8″ | 1/2″, 9/16″, 5/8″ | 1″, 1-1/8″, 1-3/16″, 1-9/16″, 1-3/4″, 2″ | |
7/16″ | 5/8″, 11/16″ | 1-3/4″ | |
1/2″ | 5/8″, 3/4″, 11/16″, 3/4″ | 19/32″, 1-1/4″, 1-1/2″, 1-9/16″, 1-3/4″, 2″ | |
5/8″ | 1/2″, 3/4″, 13/16″, 15/16″ | 1″, 1-3/16″, 1-1/2″, 1-29/32″, 2″, 2-1/8″ | |
3/4″ | 15/16″, 1″, 1-3/32″ | 1-1/4″, 2″, 2-1/4″, 2-1/2″, 2-9/16″ | |
7/8″ | 1-1/8″, 1-1/4″, 1-5/16″ | 1″, 1-3/32″, 1-1/8″, 2-1/4″, 2-1/2″ | |
1″ | 1-1/4″ | 2-1/2″ | |
1-1/8″ | 1-5/8″, 1-11/16″ | 1-1/2″, 3″ | |
1-1/4″ | 1-5/8″ | 3″ | |
1-1/2″ | 2″ | 4″ |
